PSYC. 2314 CONCEPTS EXAM
Chapter 1
What is a cohort effect?
What is meant by
plasticity in development?
The results of
correlational studies provide what type of information (descriptive,
predictive, or cause-effect)?
What research method is the
only method that tests whether changes in one condition causes changes
in another factor?
Be able to recognize the
differences between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study of human
development and the
advantages
of one type of study over the other
type.
Chapter 2
Be
able to describe the basic characteristics and time period for each of Freud's
psychosexual stages.
Behaviorism and Learning
theory – Be able to identify examples of reinforcement, punishment, and
modeling
(social learning theory).
Piaget - Be able to describe an
example of the use of assimilation and accommodation in cognitive processing.
Epigenetic Systems theory-
How is this approach to genetics
different from a traditional approach to genetics (called
preformalism
in the text)?
Chapter 3
What is a chromosome? How
many are in each gamete? How many are in each somatic (body) cell?
How do males and females
differ genetically?
What is a gene? What
is the role of a gene in cell differentiation? What is the phenotype and
how is it different from the
genotype?
What do genes do?
The development of our
characteristics is multifactorial and polygenic. What is meant by
these terms?
Alzheimer's disease - What develops in the brain to cause the
symptoms?
What are some of the
factors that increase one's risk for developing the disease?
Chapter 4
Describe the
characteristics of the Germinal Period:
Time
period, Cell division, Cell differentiation, Implantation.
Describe the
characteristics of the Embryonic Period: Time period
Why
is this period of prenatal development considered a “critical period” of
prenatal development?
What is the earliest age
of viability?
What is a teratogen?
What is postpartum
depression and what percentage of mothers suffer from this problem?
Chapter 5
What is meant by a norm in infant physical development?
What % of Adult Brain
Weight is the infant’s brain at birth? 2 years of age?
What neural structures
grow to account for this rapid and dramatic brain growth?
What is meant by
"transient exuberance" and when does it occur?
What happens to “unused”
neural connections? What is
“pruning”?
Read "Thinking Like a
Scientist" on page 129. What were the effects of early stressful
experiences on Romanian orphaned
children once they were adopted into a family? Which
children have "fared best"?
Which sense is least mature at birth? Are the other senses functioning at
birth?
Know the three types of
reflexes that are critical for survival, including some examples of
each type. Pp. 132-3
What are gross motor
skills and fine motor skills?
Chapter 6
How does the child learn
about the world during Piaget's stage of "sensorimotor intelligence"?
p. 148
During what years are children in the sensorimotor stage stage?
What did Piaget mean by
"object permanence"? Is there more current research that
indicates children do have some
understanding
of object permanence at a younger age? Pp. 150-1
Did
Piaget overestimate or underestimate infant's cognitive
understandings?
Describe the
"mobile" experiment, including the use of "reminder
sessions" and what the results mean for early infant
memory. P. 157
Chapter 7
Describe
Erikson's psychosocial stage of infancy
- Trust vs. Mistrust
What does the author say "inspires trust and
security" in the infant?
Describe Erikson's
second psychosocial stage - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
How might caregivers lead a child to feel
"autonomy" or "shame and doubt"?
What
is meant by "attachment"? How is it assessed? Pp.
182-3
Describe
the
behaviors of a child with a "secure" and an
"insecure" attachment.
Can a child's type of attachment be changed? If so,
how can it be changed?
Describe
what is meant by "social referencing". P. 185
Chapter 8
When
is the child's brain at 90% if ABW?
When
is the child's brain at 100% of ABW? Has the child's brain structured mature at this
time?
What
is the process of myelination and how does it enhance a child's functioning? P. 199
What
"functions"
does the
prefrontal cortex control? When does this part of the brain mature? p. 201
What
is meant by gross motor and fine motor skills?
How
many
substantiated cases of child abuse are found each year? P. 209-10
Chapter 9
During what years are
children in Piaget's second stage,
preoperational thought? P. 218-9
What are the characteristics of preoperational thought?
What is meant by egocentricism in children's thinking?
What does it mean that
children in this stage have a tendency towards "centration"?
Understand what it means that
children in this stage tend to "focus on appearance".
What is meant by
"conservation" in children's thinking?
Be able to describe the
conservation of volume "task" that preoperational children don't
understand. P. 219
Describe Vygotsky's
concept of scaffolding and zone of proximal development. Pp. 220-1
Chapter 10
Describe
Erikson's
psychosocial stage of middle childhood - initiative vs. guilt
What
is meant by emotional regulation?
What part of the brain matures to allow children greater
emotional regulation? Pp. 238-9
What
is meant by a person externalizing or internalizing problems? P. 238
Describe
Golman's
concept of emotional intelligence. P. 241
Describe the
characteristics, advantages of, or problems created by each parenting style.
Describe
the results of research on the effects of violent TV and videogames on
children.
Why are we especially concerned
about the effects during early childhood?
P. 252
How
do psychologists differentiate between sex differences and gender
differences?
What is meant by androgyny?
What traditional "female" and "male" characteristics are
part of androgyny? Pp. 257-8
Chapter 11
How
much has the rate of obesity increased for every age group in the
Intelligence Tests: A score of _____ means that the person has
scored average or 50%ile compared to people of the same
____ . Pp.
274-5
How
have Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner criticized traditional intelligence
tests? P. 275
Chapter 12
Piaget's Concrete
Operations thinking: Children are
able to think _________. P. 289
During
what years are children in this stage?
What skills are called
classification, identity, reversibility, and reciprocity? P. 289-90
Kohlberg’s stages of Moral
Development: Be able to describe
an example of each stage.
Chapter 13
Describe Erikson’s
industry vs. inferiority stage of psychosocial development.
Chapter 14
The
hormonal changes that lead to puberty begin, on average, at age _______ for
girls and age ________ for boys.
What
are
the primary hormones that increase greatly in adolescent males and females?
What
are
the primary sex characteristics and the secondary sex characteristics?
Sexual abuse- In a U.S. survey of young women cited on page 354,
________ reported sexual abuse.
Chapter 15
Piaget's final stage of cognitive development: Formal
Operations Thinking
What is meant that thinking now involves
"hypotheticals"?
Describe the three types
of Adolescent Egocentricism. P. 368-9
Chapter 16
Describe Erikson’s
psychosocial stage of adolescence: identity vs. role confusion.
What
is meant by identity achievement? What is meant by foreclosure?
What
is meant by negative identity? What is identity diffusion?
What
is an
identity moratorium?
Chapter 17
Dieting as a disease! Describe
the symptoms of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.
Chapter 18
Describe some of the
characteristics of post-formal thinking. How is it different from
Piaget's formal operations thinking?
Chapter 19
Describe Erikson’s psychosocial
stage of young adulthood. What is meant by “intimacy”?
Describe
Erikson's
psychosocial stage of middle adulthood?
What
are some ways that adults show "generativity"? P. 476
What
is meant by the "social clock"?
Describe
some of the gender differences in friendships. Pp. 465-6
Describe
Sternberg’s
three components of Love. What combination of
"loves" is the "Western ideal"?
What is the actual developmental
pattern for all types of couples? Pp. 467-8
Does
"cohabitation" reduce the divorce rate for couples? p. 469
Describe
the
"marriage facts" on page 470.
What
is the current divorce rate?
What makes marriages work? What is meant by social
exchange and homogamy?
Chapter 20
When do most women reach menopause? What are the
symptoms of menopause?
What is osteoporosis?
What are some activities that reduce one's risk of osteoporosis?
What are the advantages
and risks of Hormone Replacement Therapy?
Do males experience
menopause? What are the symptoms of "male menopause"? p. 497
Chapter 21
Give examples of different
types of intelligence according to Sternberg. P. 525
Describe the two ways of
coping with stress (problem-focused and emotion-focused). Pp. 538-9
Chapter 22
Has
current research found evidence for middle –aged adults experiencing a
"midlife crisis"?
What
is meant by gender convergence or crossover? Pp. 546-7
Chapter 23
Be
able to answer the Quiz Questions concerning late adulthood on page 575.
Chapter 24
Is
there evidence for a decline in cognitive functioning in late adulthood? What
causes this decline?
What
are
the symptoms of dementia? Are these symptoms caused by one or many diseases? P. 618
Describe Erikson’s
psychosocial stage of late adulthood. p. 634
Why is loss of a spouse often more difficult for men than for women? P. 652
Epilogue
Describe
some services Hospice provides the person dying and their family. Pp.
Ep-2, 3
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
identified what five emotional responses
in people who are dying?
According to other researchers, which emotional
responses are more "typical" and which one is" elusive"?
Pp. Ep-7, 8
How can a friend help a person who is bereaved? What is
helpful and what is not helpful? P. Ep-15