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Psychology 2301 - Study Guide (ch9a) - Professor Ray Saenz GO TO PAGE 2 |
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| Life Span Development | THE NEONATE (NEWBORN) | Sit up by age 6.5 months |
| Developmental Psychology | Newborn- reflexes serve survival purpose | Crawling by 10 months on average |
| Study of how people change from birth to old age | Reflexes at Birth: rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping- | Walking around 1 year |
| Uniqueness, stability/change, nature vs nurture | - palmar, stepping, moro, startle, Babinski | Proximodistal fashion- gross motor to fine motor control |
| RESEARCH METHODS | Imitate facial expressions of adults | Maturation- biological processes & experience affect it |
| Cross-sectional: test different ages at same time | Prefer oval shapes, high-contrast areas- face, eyes | Cognitive Development |
| Cohorts- group of people born same time in history | Prefer real face, over mask face, over jumbled features | Jean Piaget- Father of Cognitive Psychology |
| Longitudinal: same people at different ages | Smile- six weeks of age | Trained as a biologist/zoologist but worked with Alfred Binet |
| Biographical/retrospective: reviewing someone's life | Temperament- cuddlers, non-cuddlers | Binet/Simon created first IQ test |
| PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT | Thomas-Chess: Easy, difficult, slow to warm up | Studied his own 3 children and others |
| Development from conception to birth | Kagan: shy child | Piaget- kids intrincically motivated to explore & understand |
| From one-cell to complex human being | Perceptual Abilities | Active participants in their understandings |
| Cephalocaudal- head to trunk | Vision- fixed focus 8 to 10 inches away | Four Periods of Cognitive Development |
| Proximodistal- center (spine) outward (extremities) | Variable focus by 6-8 months | Sensorimotor Period (birth to 2 years) |
| Germinal Period (Zygotic)-conception to end 2nd week | Walton/Bower- prototypical schema of mental images | Reflex acts- react with reflexes |
| Mitosis- cell division, doubling | Depth Perception- see world in three dimensions | Primary circular reactions- discover body |
| Genetic material around a central axis | Well developed by crawling, between 6 to 12 months | Secondary circular reactions- discover world (crib, etc) |
| Cell groupings, clusterings | Walk/Gibson- Visual Cliff experiments | Coordination of secondary schema- combine schema |
| Fertilized ovum travels to uterus | Six to fourteen month olds did not cross glass area | Tertiary circular reactions- use secondary schema |
| Implants self in uterine wall | Younger than 6 month-olds, heart rate increased | Beginning of thought (12-18 months)- mental representations |
| Placental, amniotic sac, umbilical established | Other Senses- | Object permanence- objects exist out of sight |
| Embryonic Period- End 2nd week to end of 8th week | Hearing- functions prenatally, turn in direction of sound | Preoperational Period (2-7 years) |
| Differentiation of the body- complete, fingerprints | Taste- prefer sweet flavors, 'sweet-tooth' | Egocentrism prevails- see only from their perspective |
| About 1 inch long | INFANCY & CHILDHOOD | Fantasy play, imitative play, not independent operations |
| Teratogens- toxic agents can cause death or defects | Physical Development | Misperceptions due to Centering- look at one factor only |
| Deformities possible only in Germinal & Embryonic Stages | First year- grows 10" & gains 15lbs | Famous experiment: glasses with liquid- which has more? |
| Critical Period- point at which factors have more influence | Growth occurs in fits & starts- 1 inch overnight | Concrete Operational Period (7-11 years) |
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Fetal Period- End 2nd week to birth |
Bigger head proportionately- 3/4 of adult size by age 2 | Decenter- look at two factors |
| Growth and strengthening | Head growth complete by age 10 | Conservation- liquid, mass, area, length, number |
| All glands, organs function, movement, breathing | Motor Development | Change of shape does not alter amount |
| Doubles in size and weight monthly | Skills such as grasping, crawling, walking | Reversibility- being able to reverse the procedure (math) |
| Last two months adds insulating & protective fat | Developmental norms- average ages | Classification- superordinate and subordinate classes |
| Toxins, disease = deafness, blindness, brain injury, death | Stand up holding on by age 9 months | Limited to here & now- what can see, the concrete |
| Deformities not possible in Fetal Stage | Different babies at different rates; 3-4 months plus or minus | Formal Operational Period (11-15 years) |
| FAS- facial deformites, heart defects, stunted growth, etc | Lift head/shoulders by 2 months | Abstract thought- symbolic, hypothesis, see multiple factors |